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"cf." indicates a cross-reference link on this webpage.            
*   = of note; new; emphasis                              


Level One
Level Two
Level Three
Level Four
Page Navigation
Animal body
Archosaurs
(birds, crocodilians)
cf. Neocortex
cf. Pallium
cf. Primates
Chordates
Digestion

Dimetrodon
(295-272 mya)
Dinosaurs
(240-66 mya)
DNA
Galago (Bush Baby)
cf. Primates
cf. Medical
cf. Pallium
cf. Eukaryote
cf. Primates
Top  Page  Biology  Z

Computer Tech Services
Greenville, SC
HTML Sources
HTML break-inside
paragraph control
HTML column count gap
HTML position
(static relative fixed absolute sticky)
Javascript
*   Malware exposes 3.9 billion passwords in huge cybersecurity threat

Don't store your passwords out in a Cloud.
Microsoft Office
Excel
Outlook
Word
Microsoft Windows
Mozilla Firefox Sources
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Top  PageComputing


eon era period epoch age
mya = milllion years ago
kya = thousand years ago
Hadean Eon
4567-4000 mya
Origin of Earth's Water
4290-3880 mya
Archean Eon
4000-2500 mya
atmospheric methane;
no O2
Eoarchean Period
4000-3600 mya
*   first life forms
Paleoarchean Period
3600-3200 mya
Earth's magnetic field established
3500 mya
Mesoarchean Period
3200-2800 mya
atmospheric methane CO2
Neoarchean Period
2800-2500 mya
Proterozoic Eon
2500-538.8 mya
Siderian Period
2500-2300 mya
Huronian glaciation
2500-2200 mya
Rhyacian Period
2300-2050 mya
*   first Eukaryotes
Orosirian Period
2050-1800 mya
Statherian Period
1800-1600 mya
Calymmian Period
1600-1400 mya
Ectasian Period
1400-1200 mya
Stenian Period
1200-1000 mya
↑  > 1 billion years ago
↓  < 1 billion years ago
*   first plants
Tonian Period
1000-720 mya
*   first animals
Ediacaran Period
635-538.8 mya
PreCambrian
(prior to 541 mya)
Phanerozoic Eon
538.8 mya - present
Paleozoic Era
541-251.9 mya
Cambrian Period
541-485.4 mya
Ordovician Period
485.4-443.8 mya
First Extinction Event
445–444 mya
volcanos, CO2 reduction
Silurian Period
443.8-419.2 mya
Devonian Period
419.2-358.9 mya
Second Extinction Event
372–359 mya
cooling, volcanos
Carboniferous Period
358.9-298.9 mya
Permian Period
298.9-251.9 mya
cf. Dimetrodon
(295–272 mya)
The Great Dying Extinction Event
90% of all life  (292 mya)
followed by 5 million years lethally hot
Cisuralian Epoch
298.9-273 mya
Olson's Extinction Event
hot climate, acidic waters
Guadalupian Epoch
273-259.5 mya
Lopingian Epoch
259.5-251.9 mya
Third Extinction Event
(Capitanian)
252 mya
volcanos, CO2, SO2
Mesozoic Era
252-66 mya
Triassic Period
251.9-201.4 mya
Fourth Extinction Event
201.3 mya
volcano, CO2, acidic water
Jurassic Period
201.4-145 mya
first dinosaurs
180 mya – first
warm-blooded dinosaurs
cf. Dinosaurs
(240-66 mya)
Cretaceous Period
145-66 mya
Fifth Extinction Event 66 mya
asteroid / meteor
Cenozoic Era
66 mya - present
Eocene Epoch
56-33.9 mya
Eocene–Oligocene
Extinction Event

low CO2, cooling, glaciers
Late Cenozoic Ice Age
33.9 mya - present
Oligocene Epoch
33.9-23 mya
Miocene Epoch
23-5.3 mya
*   first human ancestors  
5.6-4.4 mya
Pliocene Epoch
5.3-2.58 mya
Pleistocene Epoch
2.58 mya - 11.7 kya
Middle Pleistocene
774.1 kya – 129 kya
*   Early Human
Migrations Out of Africa
2 mya - 40 kya
Asia-Americas Migrations
30 kya - 300 ya
Younger Dryas
12.9 kya - 11.7 kya
due to volcanism?
cf. Ice Ages
Holocene Epoch
11.7kya - present
Greenlandian Age
9700BC-6200BC


Northgrippian Age
6200BC-2200BC
Meghalayan Age
2200BC-present


"Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in a cradle forever."
The Earth is a safe haven for only a short while; it is time to leave.  The repeated volcanism, ice ages, and extinction events should make that clear.
Human Evolution
Worth Mentioning
mya = milllion years ago
kya = thousand years ago
Genus Australopithecus
4.5-1.2mya
predecessor to
Genus Homo
*  first tools (stone, bone)
3-3.9mya
Genus Homo
2.8mya-current
Homo habilis
2.31-1.65mya
Olduwan tool use
(2.9-1.7?mya)
Homo rudolfensis
2.5-1.5mya
Homo ergaster
2.04mya-878kya
Homo erectus
2mya-108kya
Acheulean tool use
1.95mya-130kya
Homo naledi
335-236kya
Homo heidelbergensis
700-200kya
last common ancestor to:
Homo neanderthal
430-40kya
Homo denisovan
285-25kya
Homo sapiens
300kya-current
Human Prehistory
Worth Mentioning
mya = milllion years ago
kya = thousand years ago
Ahrensburg culture (12.9-11.7 kya)
Chalcolithic Period
(Copper Age)
Ice Ages
2.58 mya - 11.7 kya
Lake Agassiz
to 8,200ya, North America
cf. Storegga Slide, 6200 BC,
8200ya event
Neolithic Revolution
Transition from
hunting and gathering
to agriculture
30th century BC events
(3000-2901 BC)
29th century BC events
(2900-2801 BC)
Recorded history begins with Sumer
The first protowriting (4000-2500 BC)
and written language (3350-2500 BC)
"... dated a rapid growth [of Homo sapiens] from a small effective population size of 1,000 to 10,000, sometime between 35,000 and 65,000 years ago ..."
Top  Page   Prehistory
Mathematics
Worth Mentioning
Muhammad ibn Musa
al-Khwarizmi

Algebra, Algorithm
 Mobius strip
one surface one edge


Klein bottle

one surface
no edge

Top  Page  Mathematics
Medical
Worth Mentioning
Mars
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  1
Sci-Tech A
Air & Space magazine
Science magazine
warning: 'woke' orientation
Archaeology magazine
and also here
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  A
Sci-Tech B
cf. Biology
cf. Lorenz
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  B
Sci-Tech C
Colors
Rainbow
(red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)

Additive  (light)
(red, green, blue)
Subtractive  (ink)
(magenta, cyan, yellow)

Womens'  (humorously)
(mauve, taupe, teal)
Cosmos magazine
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  C
Sci-Tech D
Darvaza gas crater
("Gateway to Hell" crater)
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  D
Sci-Tech E


Top  Page  Sci-Tech  E
Sci-Tech F
Fusion
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  F
Sci-Tech G
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  G
Sci-Tech H
Hearing Aids &
Cochlear Implants
Bluetooth (Wikipedia)
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  H
Sci-Tech I
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  I
Sci-Tech J
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  J
Sci-Tech L
*Lunar phases    
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  L
Sci-Tech M
cf. Medical
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  M
Sci-Tech N
National Space Society
dedicated to the creation of a spacefaring civilization
Natural History magazine
Nature magazine
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  N
Sci-Tech O
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  O
Sci-Tech P

Dwarf Planets
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  P
Sci-Tech Q
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  Q
Sci-Tech R
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  R
Sci-Tech S
Simostronomy
Sun is a variable star
cf. Planets
SSRN
Reseach Papers
Stars
Metallicity of Stars
cf. Fusion
cf. Statista
Storegga Slide, Norway
6200 BC
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  S
Sci-Tech T
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  T
Sci-Tech U
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  U
Sci-Tech V
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  V
Sci-Tech W
cf. Weather
cf. SETI
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  W
Sci-Tech Z
Zealandia continent
Top  Page  Sci-Tech  Z
Weather 1
Top  Page  Weather
Weather A
Top  Page  Weather
Weather B
Atmospheric
Barometric Pressures
Inches Millibars Feet 
29.92" 1013 mb  0000'
28.85" 0977 mb  1000'
27.82" 0942 mb  2000'
26.81" 0908 mb  3000'
25.84" 0875 mb  4000'
24.89" 0843 mb  5000'
23.98" 0812 mb  6000'
23.09" 0782 mb  7000'
22.24" 0753 mb  8000'
21.38" 0724 mb  9000'
20.58" 0697 mb 10,000'
19.19" 0650 mb 12,000'
14.76" 0500 mb FL 180
11.81" 0400 mb FL 240
 8.86" 0300 mb FL 300
 6.64" 0225 mb FL 360
 5.17" 0175 mb FL 420
 3.69" 0125 mb FL 480
Top  Page  Weather
Weather C
Top  Page  Weather
Weather D
Top  Page  Weather
Weather E
earth.nullschool.net
EPA now says greenhouse gases don't endanger people
True for CO2, and methane can be regulated
Top  Page  Weather
Weather F
Top  Page  Weather
Weather G
Geology Cafe
Georgia State University
Relative Humidity
Top  Page  Weather
Weather H
Hurricane Preparations
Top  Page  Weather
Weather I
"Climate has always varied on all time-scales" – p.97
"The long-term prediction of future climate states is not possible." – p.771
Top  Page  Weather
Weather J
Jet Stream   (NOAA)
Top  Page  Weather
Weather L
Top  Page  Weather
Weather M
cf. Hydrology
Top  Page  Weather
Weather N



Prevailing Winds


global & geography-based

Skew-T Log-P Diagrams including blank charts

  *Tornado'Watch'
'Warning'  'Emergency'
explained
*   cf.   Jetstream,    
Aviation Weather Center
cf. NavCanada
Pairing climate data with climate data experts





Precipitation Amounts
Day 1   Day 2   Day 3
Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts - Days 4-5, 6-7



WPC 6-Hour Probabilistic Precipitation Guidance
for Days 1-3
Top  Page  Weather
Weather O
Top  Page  Weather
Weather P
Top  Page  Weather
Weather S
Skew-T Log-P Charts
"Weather in the Vertical"
video 1   video 2
SkewT-LogPro
app for iPhone, iPad
Top  Page  Weather
Weather T
Top  Page  Weather
Weather U
University of Wisconsin
- Madison
US Naval Research Laboratory (cf. here)
Top  Page  Weather
Weather V
Little Ice Age
1300-1850
1815 eruption of Tambora
world's worst
in recorded history
Top  Page  Weather
Weather W
Windy.com (winds)
Top  Page  Weather